Overstaying 90 day limit in Norway with long-term residence from EU country

No, airlines don't generally pass this information to the authorities. Some countries might still have more specific records but there is no general framework or legal basis to track people's movements within the Schengen area. It does however happen in other situations, including for flights in and out of the Schengen area.

Very often, for internal Schengen flights, you don't have to provide anything else than your full name (i.e. no passport number, date of birth, etc.) which is not enough to uniquely identify you. A number of cross-border roads are also fully open. All this means the chances of getting caught are generally pretty low.

However, the lack of stamps or systematic controls does not mean it's absolutely impossible to be found out. Border checks do still occasionally take place and if all you have is a return ticket with 97 days between the two legs, there is a strong presumption that you overstayed, which could be enough to prompt further investigations.

Also, you mentioned in a comment that you regularly go to Norway. What you are doing there is none of my business but note that many people residing illegally in a country do get caught, not at the border or by a fancy database, but during some old-school police raid/inspection of their workplace. That's not relevant if you do not work but it's just one example of the way the rule is intended to work and how people get found out.

I know absolutely nothing about Norwegian procedural rules in this area but if it comes to it, entry/exit records are not the only type of evidence that could be used against you (think shopping receipts, student registration, phone contract…). If the presumption is strong enough it might even be up to you to prove you haven't stayed too long in the country by producing evidence of your travels or presence abroad (that's certainly how it works for short-stay visa holders who miss a stamp).