What are the consequences of a US citizen overstaying a Schengen visa?

There is actually no set law to answer any of these questions besides that you get 90 nonconsecutive days in Schengen as an American. If you are thinking to leave to Turkey for 4 days when your counter hits 86 days in Schengen, expecting to clear your stays (like many people assume), and you come back to Schengen, the counter starts right back up from 86 days. You have to be out of Schengen for 3 months in an 180 day period before you are cleared of your 90 days in.

As for being penalized: You can get the full 1200 euro fine for overstaying by one day. It depends on the officer, the country, what you look like, how you act...hence me saying just play dumb and oblivious in my previous comment.

However, if you want to hear of countries that could be more relaxed on this subject, this would not be a 'legal' answer, because those with the knowledge of that, have already done an 'illegal' thing by overstaying. And I guess I cannot give these answers according to experience on stack exchange!

Good luck!

I cannot provide a comprehensive answer or comparison between Schengen countries but I can add a few bits of relevant information:

• There are no firm rules at the EU level about that. Schengen countries honor each other's bans through a database called the SIS but they did not agree on the exact circumstances under which people should be banned. EU regulations define how long you are allowed to stay but fines and other penalties for breaking these rules are defined at the national level.

• Enforcement does seem to differ markedly from one country to the next. Unfortunately I don't have any authoritative source at hand but I heard or read several times that there are massive differences between countries regarding the number of entries of each kind in the SIS. For example, some countries issue bans for virtually any infringement of immigration rules and for every deportation, while others only bother for the most serious cases (people found guilty of a crime, etc.) This information is a few years old, though, so it might be changing.

• Legally, once there is an entry in the SIS about you, you shouldn't be able to go around it by applying for a visa. EU regulations are clear about that, being banned/flagged in the SIS should lead to being denied entry or a visa, as applicable. Your main recourse would be appealing the entry to the authorities of the country that put it in there in the first place. Each Schengen member state should offer a way to check if there is in fact an entry about you and some means to appeal it but the exact procedure will also differ from one country to the next.

• A ban is a very real possibility, even for a relatively minor infringement noticed while you are leaving. This report from the Dutch national ombudsman mentions the case of a US citizen overstaying for 19 days following some confusion around a residence application who was denied entry and detained when coming back a few months later (see p. 27). Her lawyers were able to have the notice removed but it did happen, even without warning or deportation proceedings.

As (random) examples, here are two webpages I happened to come across recently about these issues:

• Dutch rules on entry bans
• Information on the SIS from Sweden

Each Schengen member states would have rules like those (unfortunately not always readily available in English on the web), with some small differences.

I want to put in my experience in case it can help anyone who is currently overstaying a tourist visa in Europe. Of course, the best way to avoid any of this is to simply be aware of the rules, sometimes it can be confusing or it can slip your mind, putting you in a tough situation. For starters, as of 2017, you can stay in the Schengen zone for 90 days out of a 180 day period. Here was my situation:

I accidentally overstayed for about 2 months when I was working (under the table) in Spain, as I somehow thought that i could stay in Schengen for 180 days total instead of 90. In a slight panic, I went on some forums, asked my spanish friends, and they almost all told me the same thing, if you are in Spain, nobody really cares if you are an overstay at least when you are American. I was still paranoid about this, and was a bit nervous when i got to the airport for my departure flight to Seattle.

The passport checker at the airport literally did not even look at my passport before stamping it and handing it back to me. And after that I was on my way.

In conclusion, all the research I did at the time, plus my own experience has told me that if you have overstayed and want to leave, the authorities in Spain and Portugal will more than likely not bat an eye about it. I have heard of course that if you are leaving from The Netherlands or Germany or possibly Scandanavia, they are much more strict, and you will more than likely face some sort of penalty or at the least some questioning.

Important note: I have not been back to Europe since, so I am unsure if there are any consequences waiting for me, but as I mentioned, this is mostly for people who are already overstaying and are weighing their options. If you are trying to leave without being hassled, I would recommend Spain or Portugal.

Hope this helps, -T