Where can a tourist apply for a UK Visitor (standard) Visa?

Prior to 24 April 2015, Paragraph 28 of the Immigration Rules was (emphasis mine)...

An applicant for an entry clearance must be outside the United Kingdom and Islands at the time of the application. An applicant for an entry clearance who is seeking entry as a visitor must apply to a post designated by the Secretary of State to accept applications for entry clearance for that purpose and from that category of applicant. Subject to paragraph 28A, any other application must be made to the post in the country or territory where the applicant is living which has been designated by the Secretary of State to accept applications for entry clearance for that purpose and from that category of applicant. Where there is no such post the applicant must apply to the appropriate designated post outside the country or territory where he is living.

Source: archives at https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/archive-immigration-rules

This meant that a person could apply in any country that had a British mission competent to issue visas. So for example, a Russian national who was in France could use the British mission in Paris to apply as a visitor.

But on 24 April 2015, Paragraph 28 now reads...

An applicant for an entry clearance must be outside the United Kingdom and Islands at the time of the application. An applicant for an entry clearance who is seeking entry as a short-term student must apply to a post designated by the Secretary of State to accept applications for entry clearance for that purpose and from that category of applicant. Subject to paragraph 28A, any other application must be made to the post in the country or territory where the applicant is living which has been designated by the Secretary of State to accept applications for entry clearance for that purpose and from that category of applicant. Where there is no such post the applicant must apply to the appropriate designated post outside the country or territory where he is living.

The text about visitors is gone. It appears to have been replaced by text about short-term students. Looking further, Appendix V to the rules contains this statement...

An application for a visit visa must be made while the applicant is outside the UK.

Note that this is in an appendix. So it looks like the applicant must satisfy three conditions...

1. outside of the UK (Appendix V) and
2. outside of the UK and Islands (Paragraph 28) and
3. in their home country (Paragraph 28)

This means in my example that the Russian national touring France would have to return to Russia to get a UK entry clearance. Or alternatively, that an entry clearance issued in France to a Russian national would be illegal under Paragraph 28? Or would the consulate in Paris be required to reject the application? Or more confusingly, if the Russian national were in 'the Islands' (Guernsey or Sark for example) then it's ok for Appendix V, but forbidden by Paragraph 28.

Do all of these conditions hold? If not, which 'rule' is senior?

Current immigration rules for Paragraph 28 and Appendix V are at https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/immigration-rules-appendix-v-visitor-rules

Note: Not very many of the various VFS and consular sites on the net have caught up with the recent rule changes yet so they are not totally reliable. Please use up-to-date links if citing something.

Note: Regarding ambiguity over the clause, "where the applicant is living", this has always meant "where the applicant does not require leave to remain or has been given leave to remain for a period longer than 6 months"