Is there a difference between green traffic lights and blinking green traffic lights?

In Ontario, pretty much all of the flashing greens have been replaced with green arrows. When we had flashing greens, they were inevitably accompanied by a sign "advanced green when flashing". This referred to the fact that you were getting the green in advance of the traffic moving towards you, and so could freely turn left (or go straight.) Some intersections had "delayed green when flashing".

^{Image source: Flickr, licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0}

The photo license won't let me crop it to just the light. Says it was taken this summer, so some of these are still around I guess.

Since you need to both read English and know what "Advanced Green" refers to, these have mostly been replaced with a green arrow, which is probably safer. (Page 16 of Ontario Traffic Manual, Book 12 – Traffic Signals (PDF) says they are being phased out as of July 2010. It's not aimed at drivers, but makes for interesting reading.)

Don't assume you know what a flashing green means in another province: look for a sign.

I know you asked about Quebec but I think it's useful to point out that blinking can mean wildly different things:

In Austria, a green traffic light will blink green four times before switching to yellow and red.

This is meant as a pre-warning to avoid people driving through "dark yellow". Austrian drivers know this and will usually stop at yellow (not red). They will also honk angrily at people who brake at blinking green. Drivers who don't know this Austrian specialty are thoroughly confused.

It's also worth mentioning that, in Austria, the duration of the yellow phase (before red) is always the same length -- opposed to for instance Denmark, where the yellow phase is much longer in complicated intersections because the traffic planners know that it takes longer to clear the intersection before the next traffic direction can start.

The green arrows mentioned in another answer exist in both Austria and Denmark; presumably throughout Europe. But even though many traffic signs have been standardized across Europe (or the EU, whatever) it is evident that many exceptions still exist. Standards... sigh.

(I'm from Denmark but live in Austria. I prefer the Danish method because it varies on a case-by-case basis, sometimes even depending on the time of day or on traffic sensors in the lanes.)

Apart from Quebec, a flashing green light has a different meaning in Turkey (and possibly in some other European countries).

At some point during the night (usually around 2am), the lights switch to blinking mode to show the right of way to drivers. All lights in an intersection goes to blinking mode in red, yellow or green and the colors don't change. This is for not making drivers wait in a long red light where there's no traffic.

Blinking green means you have the right of way, but use caution as some wreckless driver may not see you.

Blinking yellow is equal to yield sign.

Blinking red is equal to stop sign.

Massachusetts has these, though they are rare and being phased out. They indicate a crosswalk with a signal that can be controlled by pedestrians. They are intended to warn drivers to be prepared to stop/yield for pedestrians. They are generally used at unusual crossings: diagonal, 3-way intersections, 5-way intersections, and are often combined with a yellow and red light that shine solid when a pedestrian requests a walk signal.