Flying United from Kansas City to Dublin

Is 41 minutes enough time

Assuming one ticket, the answer is maybe. (Two tickets = NO WAY)

United thinks it's doable: They sold you the ticket and are responsible for getting you to Dublin, even if you don't make the connection.

41 minutes is doable, but it's on the low side. The Gate closes typically 15 minutes before departure so you have 26 minutes to get off the plane, into the terminal, and to the new gate. Both of your flights are likely to be out of Terminal C, which is large. Walking distance can exceed half a mile (900m) so you should plan for this, especially if you have some mobility constraint or carrying a lot of stuff. If your Kansas flight arrives in Terminal A, you would have to take the shuttle, and you probaby won't make it.

Is 41 minutes enough time

No connection is every guaranteed so it comes down to a risk assessment. What's the likelihood of making the connection and what's the consequences of missing it. I would put the likelihood at of missing it at about 10%-20%, with the main risk being a delay on the incoming flight. Even a smallish delay will jeopardize the connection. If you miss it, most likely United will put you up in a hotel for the night, you will fly the next day and arrive 24 hours later. If you have high status or a Polaris ticket, they may reroute you to get their earlier.

If you ok with that scenario, go for it. If there are significant problems with getting late to your destination, I would look for alternatives.

If you are on one ticket, it should be now problem - the flights to Europe nearly always get out an hour late anyway, because they wait for connecting passengers.
If they don’t, the airline would be responsible for your missed connection, which is expensive for them, so they avoid it.

If you booked two separate tickets, your chances are very bad, mainly because you would need to pick up your luggage and recheck it - no way to do that in 41 minutes.